A simple and convenient empirical survey method with a soil electrical conductivity meter for incineration residue-derived soil contamination

To facilitate field surveys for identifying areas of incineration residue-derived soil contamination, a simple and convenient method with a soil electrical conductivity meter was examined. First, the leaching test specified by Notification No. 13 of the Ministry of the Environment, 1973, was conducted on 506 samples of 11 types of wastes and compost, and the relationship between the concentrations of toxic elements [total Hg (T-Hg), Cd, Pb, Cr⁶⁺, and As] and values of electrical conductivity (EC) was examined. The results showed that bottom ash and fly ash were wastes with high EC values and that these wastes indicated higher levels of toxic elements. Second, an estimation method for the soil EC value of contaminated soil (ECc) was proposed based on the EC values of noncontaminated soil, and its usefulness was examined. The results of field surveys conducted at sites whose soils were suspected of contamination by dioxins and other pollutants derived from incineration residues showed that the contaminated spots and areas were identified by using ECc values. Moreover, comparison of the elemental contents of soils in terms of Cr, Ni, Zn, Na, K, Ca, Fe, Mn, and others, in addition to the above-mentioned toxic elements (excluding Cr⁶⁺), with those of the potential sources of pollution was verified to be effective for identifying the source of soil contamination.     

End-of-life vehicle recycling and automobile shredder residue management in Japan

The Japanese Government introduced the Law on Recycling of End-of-Life Vehicles (ELV Recycling Law) in 2002. This law requires manufacturers to retrieve chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), airbags, and automobile shredder residue (ASR) from ELVs and to properly recycle the remaining materials. This framework is compared with European ELV directives. Pilot-scale incineration plant testing has revealed a greater formation of by-product persistent organic pollutants (POPs) during the primary combustion of ASR compared to normal municipal solid waste. This may be attributed to the abundance of chlorine, Cu, and Fe in ASR, as Cu and Fe have been found to catalyze the formation of POPs under certain conditions. However, most by-product POPs were destroyed by the secondary combustion, and almost all were removed after flue gas treatment. The direct melting system is a shaft-type gasification and melting technology that has proved effective in many municipal solid waste applications. This system can be applied to ASR recycling for effective decomposition of brominated flame retardants and polybrominated dioxins.     

北京市城市污水雌激素活性的研究

采用重组酵母雌激素筛检法(YES法)对北京市3个城市污水处理厂工艺流程污水样品的雌激素活性进行了评价,并采用GC/MS分析了样品中8种内分泌干扰物(EDCs),以进一步阐明城市污水雌激素活性的变化.结果表明,污水处理厂能较好地降低污水雌激素活性,降低率为82.2%～97.0%,但出水仍具有一定的雌激素活性,雌二醇(E2)当量浓度(EEQ)为2.6～16.0 ng/L.GC/MS检测显示,污水处理厂并不能完全去除目标化合物,出水中平均浓度最低的是17α-E2,为13.5 ng/L,最高的是BPA,为106.4 ng/L;出水的雌激素活性主要来自类固醇雌激素.污水厂的出水排放具有潜在的环境风险,在污水处理过程中,应特别关注对类固醇雌激素的去除.     

干法半干法脱硫灰升温过程中二氧化硫的逸出规律

通过改变焙烧温度、焙烧时间和通气流量等条件,研究了干法半干法脱硫灰中二氧化硫的逸出规律。结果表明:850℃~1050℃,二氧化硫的逸出量随着温度的升高而增加,大约由0.15mg/g增加到0.5mg/g;脱硫灰焙烧1h后二氧化硫逸出量比焙烧10min后增加最多为0.047mg/g,因此焙烧10min二氧化硫基本全部逸出;在通气量0.6L/min~0.9L/min的范围内,二氧化硫逸出量随着通气流量的增加而增加,不同焙烧时间时的增加量都约为0.062mg/g,然后趋于平缓,最后基本不受通气流量的影响;计算得出二氧化硫最大排放浓度为101.4mg/m3,远远低于国家标准的规定800mg/m3,因此在脱硫灰渣的再利用中不会对环境造成危害。     

包头市蔬菜作物中农药残留状况的研究

本文探讨了包头市近郊大田蔬菜作物中28种农药的残留状况,调查了农药的使用情况,研究了有机磷、有机氯和部分菊酯类农药的分析检测方法,建立了蔬菜作物液液萃取加弗罗里硅土柱净化的前处理方法。给出了蔬菜作物的农药残留水平,对蔬菜种植过程中农药残留的检测提供了可靠的分析方法。     

一种复合型絮凝剂处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

以氯化铝、双氰胺、甲醛等为原料制备出一种有机无机复合型絮凝剂(OICF),并用于福州市红庙岭卫生填埋场垃圾渗滤液的预处理试验,系统考察了其对渗滤液进行处理时的最优条件。试验发现,OICF对渗滤液原水、厌氧池出水和二沉池出水有很强的絮凝和脱色效果,废水的COD去除率可分别达到81.0%、34.86%和48.74%以上,色度去除率均可达到50%以上。对比试验结果表明,OICF处理垃圾渗滤液的絮凝综合性能明显优于聚合氯化铝(PAC)。     

可燃固废复合燃料的燃烧性能试验研究

焚烧法具有显著的减容、资源化和能量回收等优点,是生活垃圾处理的有效途径。原生垃圾成分复杂、含水率高、热值低,直接焚烧处理的热稳定性差。将生活垃圾、市政污泥及适量的辅料,采用正交表配料制备可燃固废复合燃料。通过燃烧热稳定性、热值试验的极差分析和方差分析检验燃料的燃烧性能,得出原料配比、园林残余及固硫剂对燃料燃烧特性有显著的影响;运用数量化理论分析,得到热稳定性、热值指标的预测方程,置信度>90%;最后采用综合评分法筛选出燃烧性能最优的燃料制备配方为:垃圾、市政污泥、煤粉以2:1:1比例混合,助燃剂MnO2添加量为0.19%,固硫剂CaO添加量为0.6%时,制备的燃料燃烧热值为18.702kJ/g,燃烧热稳定性(TS+6)达74.79%。     

人工复合细菌对富营养化水体治理研究

用投加复合细菌的方法强化景观水体生物自净能力。结果表明,投加复合菌100mg／L15d后,水体中的有机物、浊度、氨氮去除率分别达到50％以上,叶绿素a含量显著降低,溶解氧浓度明显提高。     

广州地区农田土壤中有机氯农药残留分布特征

以网格法在农田土壤中均匀布点,采集土壤样品75个,对广州地区农田土壤中有机氯农药含量及分布状况进行了研究。结果表明,试区土壤有机氯农药的检出率为100％,表明广州地区农田土壤中有机氯农药残留现象普遍存在。六六六（HCHs）和滴滴涕（DDTs）的平均含量分别为42．75μg/kg、52．76μg/kg,含量范围分别在1．35—803．72和2．73—1036．90μg/kg。与国内不同区域的同类研究相比,广州地区土壤的有机氯残留水平较高。在不同利用类型土壤中,有机氯残留状况有所差异,六六六在水稻土中残留量最高,而滴滴涕在菜园土中含量最高。     

村镇生活污水强化混凝处理实验研究

采用聚合氯化铝、硫酸亚铁及阳离子型高分子絮凝剂对村镇生活污水单独处理的效果进行比较,应用正交实验方法探讨了前述絮凝剂复合使用效果。结果表明,在pH为10、PAN投药量1ml／L、混凝时间2min、搅拌转速240r／min,以及絮凝时间10min、搅拌转速120r／min时,试验污水中污染物浊度、COD、SS、NH4^＋—N的去除率分别为99．63％、84．59％、64．59％及49．52％,出水水质达到了国家农田灌溉标准（GB5084—92）,可用于农田灌溉,实现污水资源化。